If you actually watched commercials on television (for me it’s an occupational hazard), you’d get the impression that the world has embraced environmentalism. Every company seems to have gone “green” in one way or another and wants to make sure we know it.
Nowhere is it more evident than in the energy sector. Americaspower.org tells us that ”clean coal” is “the fuel that powers our way of life.” The idea of “clean coal” sounds a bit like that old joke about “military intelligence,” but we’ll let that ride for now.
America’s Natural Gas Alliance reminds us that natural gas is “domestic, abundant, clean energy to power our lives.” Even the oil companies tell us how they’re developing all sorts of new ways to meet our energy demands: Exxon Mobil is exploring extracting oil from… algae!
Seeing all this, you’d be reassured that we’re making real progress in our efforts to deal with the negative effects of our energy consumption and the resultant issues of climate change.
Unfortunately, you’d be totally wrong.
In 2010, the last year for which I’ve found data, we reached a new high in global carbon dioxide emissions.
Some sources claim we topped 10 million metric tons for the first time in 2010. But who’s counting 862,000 metric tons here or there. That little downward dip in 2008, BTW, is the global recession. I guess a couple of people delayed first-time auto purchases back then or previously rampant construction in Dubai slowed down a bit. The good news, as the chart points out, is that the economy started to recover in 2010. The bad news: we recovered with the highest year-on-year increase ever in CO2 emissions — 6%. That’s why the line is steeper from 2008 to 2010 than at any other point on the graph.
“Wait a minute!” you cry. “What happened to the Kyoto Protocols and all that? Didn’t we all pledge to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases?”
Yes, some of us did. The 169 countries who ratified the Protocols agreed to collectively reduce carbon emissions by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012. While a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the United States has never ratified it, presumably because to deliver on it would be detrimental to the U.S. economy. And China and India, who did ratify it, are technically exempt from reducing their emissions because they’re developing economies.
Hmmmm. Little bit of a problem there.
China has overtaken the U.S. as the biggest emitter of carbon. India comes in at #3 just ahead of Russia and behind the U.S at #2. What this chart doesn’t point out is the differences in population among the three countries. At over 1.3 billion people, China has 4 times the population of the U.S. India, almost at 1.2 billion is not far behind. The U.S. has just over 311 million people. So on a per capita basis, the average U.S. citizen is accountable for 4 times the carbon emissions of the average Chinese and about 15 times that of the average subcontinent Indian.
Oops!
It actually gets worse. You see, the United States is what we call a “mass affluent” society. That means we are a largely middle-class country where families have lots of disposable income relative to people in the rest of the world (what, in the marketing departments of U.S. companies and their ad agencies, we refer to as “ROW.”) So we put McMansions with central air and heat on tightly-packed suburban lots, stock them up with flat-panel TVs and computers, and drive around in our SUVs.
Now there’s this thing in the ROW that’s good news for marketers called “The Rise of the Global Middle Class.” Believe it or not, a lot of people on Planet Earth are economically a lot better off than they used to be. And where is that rise most notable and where will it most notably continue to rise? You guessed it: in China and India.
The only reason India eclipses China is because of projected birth rates: China has had a one-child-per-couple policy since 1979. India has no such policy, though they do get in trouble from time to time for a program incenting sterilization. In 2002-3, women were sterilized over men 40:1, despite the fact that tubal ligation is a more complex procedure than a vasectomy. (For Sterilization Target is Women, New York Times, November 7 2003.) That’s just a side note.
And what does this growing Asian middle class do with their newly found disposable income? Surprise, surprise — those cheeky little buggers buy cars and air-conditioners and flat-panel TVs! They even buy computers. How dare they! Just because you get MTV on your satellite dish doesn’t mean you can expect to live like the people you see on MTV. Does it?
So much for reducing carbon emissions.
NASA climatologist James Hansen recently explained at TED2012 that you can think of carbon emissions much like a blanket over the earth. You know how at night you crawl under your duvet and fall asleep all warm and comfy? And how sometimes in the middle of the night you wake up, overheated, and you throw off the covers? That’s because your duvet not only keeps cold air away from your body, it prevents the heat your own body produces from escaping into the atmosphere. It traps that heat, so you stay warm.
Unfortunately, Planet Earth has not yet discovered a mechanism for throwing off its carbon emissions covers in the middle of the night nor in the middle of a century when it gets too warm.
This chart shows the results of three different ways of calculating an average global yearly temperature. I have no idea how that’s done, but I can tell that all three ways tell the exact same story. 0.0 on the vertical axis represents the average global yearly temperature from 1900 to the present. In the years below the dashed horizontal line at the 0.0 point, it was cooler than that average. (Maybe the post-WWII baby boom had something to do with those cooler temps!) For the years above such a line, it was warmer.
Now where have I seen that curve before?
There are variations year-to-year in average temperature and always have been. You have to look at the overall trend and the slope of an imaginary line that describes the trend. Things really do seem to start heating up in the ’80s as the slope of the imaginary trend line steepens. And I thought that decade was just about big hair and bad fashion!
One consequence of things getting warmer is something you can observe with a cocktail of your choice — ice melts. Actually ice melts all the time when it seasonally gets warmer, just as ice forms all the time when it seasonally gets colder. The issue is that more ice melts and less ice forms when average temperatures rise. Ice, like ice at the polar ice caps. Ice, like ice in glaciers in places like Greenland. Ice, like ice at higher altitudes, like in the Himalayas or the Andes or the Rockies.
Here’s a little science experiment you can do at home. Pour 6 ounces of bourbon into an Old-Fashioned glass, or any drinking glass if you don’t have special barware. Mark the level of the liquid on the outside of the glass. Then add ice and wait for it to melt. Don’t drink it! When the ice has melted, mark the new level of the liquid in the glass. Now you can drink it.
Think of the bourbon as kind of like the sea. And your ice cubes as land-locked polar, glacial or high-altitude ice. Yup, this is what you get.
20 centimeters, BTW for the metrically challenged, is just short of 8 inches. (There’s a joke there somewhere, but I’ll save it for another blog.)
Wow. The slopes of these lines just keep repeating themselves!
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that the global average sea level will rise by 7.2 to 23.6 inches by 2100. That’s their lower range. There’s an upper range, if ice flow were to increase in step with global average temperature rise — and that’s 19.2 to 31.6 inches. That’s just the average sea level. It doesn’t take into account storm surges like what you get from nor’easters and hurricanes and typhoons.
That’s a problem, because the other consequence of higher temperatures is increased frequency and intensity of those storms. Watch the Weather Channel, and they’ll explain to you why.
Here’s a couple of fun facts to go along with this: the average elevation above sea level in New Orleans is 1-2 feet. (We might have to rethink Mardi Gras and JazzFest.) In New York City, it’s about 7 feet. That’s the average, which means that some areas are a lot lower, as some New Yorkers found out last year during Hurricane Irene.
Melting ice and rising seas are already observable phenomena. It’s just not very real for most of us, because it’s most apparent in places where none of us or very few of us live. Like Antarctica, where nobody lives, or the North Pole where only polar bears live. Or Greenland and some islands in the middle of nowhere in the Pacific Ocean, where almost nobody lives either.
Some people in Greenland are actually happy about it. Most of their land was buried under glacial ice for most of the year. Now, more and more of it is being exposed year-round, and they’re discovering valuable minerals. Some expect a big boost to Greenland’s not-so-vibrant economy.
On a boat excursion to the bay in front of that glacier in the background, we saw and heard the ceiling of an ice cave collapse, where water running under the glacier from a melt (which we could also hear) had weakened the ice.
Greenland’s northern neighbors inside the Arctic Circle — those adorable polar bears who occasionally have been known to maul a human being when they’re really hungry — are not so happy about it. Suddenly they find themselves stranded on an ice flow in the sea that’s broken off the weakened ice shelf. Or the territory over which they can roam looking for food is reduced, since they live on aquatic life.
The other folks who aren’t so happy are the Tuvaluans who live on Tuvalu, those middle-of-nowhere Pacific Islanders I mentioned earlier. There are not quite 11,000 of them, and they’ve lived on a bunch of islands since who knows when. They are expected to become the world’s first “climate refugee” nation that has to be resettled elsewhere, because their homeland will be underwater by 2100.

“Tuvaluan kids hang out as extra high tides flood neighborhood.”
Photo: copyright 2005 Gary Braasch/World View of Global Warming
OK., so in the grand scheme of things, 11,000 people is not a lot of people (unless you’re a Tuvaluan.) They can go live on a big island like Madagascar or something, can’t they?
Bangladesh, however, is another story. 15-20% of the country is within one meter (about 3.3 feet) of the sea level and is home to 13-30 million people as well as most of the country’s rice production. (http://saburkhan.info/) Could be difficult to move them all to higher ground and feed them and everyone else in the country.
So, what to do?
If you watch the Weather Channel, you might catch Stephanie Abrams, TWC meteorologist, and a cute little kid in a public service announcement (or PSA as we say in the biz), encouraging you to help the planet out by unplugging your appliances when they’re not in use. I’ve got to say, I’m not so sure this is really going to help.
First of all, let’s discuss, just on the basis of sheer practicality. I heard somewhere recently that in 1950 the average American household had two electrical appliances/devices plugged into outlets. (I assume this excluded floor and table lamps and meant your fridge and a television or console radio.) Today the average American household is supposed to have 25 such electrical appliances and devices.
Just for fun, I decided to count the appliances and devices I have constantly plugged-in in my home. Bear in mind, I’m one person living in a one-bedroom apartment. I don’t have a suburban McMansion or a family of four. Nor do I have a second home.
For the record, I’m not counting floor lamps or table lamps. Maybe I should, because they’re all plugged into dimmers. Dimmers require electricity, but as far as I know, only gay men require dimmers. We’re less than 10% of the population, so I think it’s fair to exclude the dimmers.
I came up with 39 continuously plugged-in electrical appliances and devices, 11 of which display the time, some of which have to be reset if the power is disconnected for any length of time.
I work in advertising, and if we don’t move real behavior, we don’t move product, and we get fired. So most of the time, we try not to dick around with shit that ain’t gonna work.
Let’s face it, you and I are not going to go around unplugging our appliances every time we leave the house. Nor should we, because as David J.C. MacKay points out in his book, Sustainable Energy — Without the Hot Air, that energy savings is infinitesimally small, even if “everybody” does it.
I think it’s actually irresponsible, bordering on dangerous, for the Weather Channel to be running that PSA. Because it gives you the false sense that if you unplug your appliances, you’re actually doing something about energy consumption and climate change. When, in fact, you’re probably not.
Contrary to what the Brits say — “Every little helps” — every little doesn’t help in this case precisely because it’s little. And when you add up all the little littles you just get a Big Little, which is different from a Big Big. And a Big Big is what is needed to solve the energy consumption/climate change issue. Big changes in how we get our energy and big changes in how we use it.
As Donald Sadoway from MIT said at TED2012, “If we’re going to get this country out of its current energy situation, we can’t conserve our way out, we can’t drill our way out, we can’t bomb our way out. We’re going to do it the old-fashioned American way: we’re going to invent our way out, working together.”
He also said, “We need to think about the problem differently. We need to think big. We need to think cheap.” “We need to design [solutions] to the market price point.”
And there-in lies the rub.
If the development of solar and wind as methods of generating energy has stalled, it’s because technology has been developed that has dramatically lowered the price of extracting natural gas through hydraulic fracking (which has its own environmental issues.) Now you can make a lot of money selling natural gas. More than you can make selling solar panels or wind turbines.
As Deep Throat told Woodward and Bernstein in Watergate, you have to “follow the money” to get to the truth. Does someone have a financial reason for not wanting to solve the energy/climate conundrum today?
You betcha. And it includes those folks who tell us how they’re mucking around in algae to meet our energy needs.
See ya at the gas pump!
Oh wait, I don’t own a car! But you know what? I’ve no reason to be smug. My carbon footprint has wings and travels at 30,000 feet 5-10 times a year.
Just wait until the Chinese and Indian middle classes start taking foreign vacations.

























